International Peer Reviewed Scopus Indexed Biological Science Journal

About the Journal

Background: Bioscene is one of the oldest peer reviewed research journal published from United state of America In the year 2004. The Journal has actively been involved for the last two decades in publishing quality research papers related to all areas of Biological science, Agricultural Science and Environmental Sciences from all over the world. Bioscene has gained recognition due to its well-established selection and review mechanism that comprises of well-organized editorial board members collaborating with critical reviewers, and the Journal's own Research and Development division scientists. The journal is peer-reviewed and follows a systematic path of double-blind review system. Please refer to the Publication Policies to have a complete view of the review process.

Indexing: Bioscene journal indexed in various standard databases are as follows: ScopusScimagoGoogle ScholarCommittee on Publication EthicsBiological AbstractsEnvironmental AbstractsEmbaseUgc Care and more.

Aims and Scope: Bioscene is a broad-based, peer-reviewed International Journal that publishes in English Language original research papers and research reviews (with prior permission) from all areas of Environment, Biology, Agriculture. Read more...

Current Issue

1

Assessing Drudgery Dynamics among Rice Farmers and Marketers in Southeast Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation

1Nwachukwu, E. C.;2Mfonobong, O.E; 3Ude, K.D.;4Jimmy, S.P.; 5Obetta, A.E.; 6Achike, A.I. & 7Enete, A. A.
Nigeria
Page: 4-17
Paper ID: 10000311
ABSTRACT
The study analysed the ergonomic impact of agricultural drudgery among rice farmers and marketers in Southeast Nigeria. The specific objectives were to ascertain the level of awareness of the ergonomic impact of drudgery on rice farmers and marketers, identify drudgery-causing activities, determine the types of drudgery experienced, and estimate the level of drudgery in rice farming and marketing. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed to select 487 participants, comprising 221 rice farmers and 266 rice marketers. Data were collected through a survey using a well-structured questionnaire and analysed using bar graphs, the human physical drudgery index, body part discomfort, and postural analysis.Based on the drudgery index in rice farming, maintenance of equipment had a mean drudgery score of 0.48 and a residual capacity index of 0.52. Loading and unloading bags of rice had a mean drudgery score of 0.58 with a residual capacity index of 0.42. Transporting rice showed a mean drudgery score of 0.57 and a residual capacity index of 0.43. Setting up stalls or displays had a higher mean drudgery score of 0.62 with a residual capacity index of 0.38. Packaging and labelling shared the same mean drudgery score of 0.62 with a residual capacity index of 0.38. Interacting with customers had the highest mean drudgery score at 0.88 with a residual capacity index of 0.12. The mean marketing task performance index showed an average drudgery score of 0.63. Similarly, for rice marketers, maintenance of equipment had a mean drudgery score of 0.48 and a residual capacity index of 0.52. Loading and unloading bags of rice had a mean drudgery score of 0.58 with a residual capacity index of 0.42. Transporting rice showed a mean drudgery score of 0.57 and a residual capacity index of 0.43. Setting up stalls or displays had a higher mean drudgery score of 0.62 with a residual capacity index of 0.38. Packaging and labelling had a mean drudgery score of 0.62 with a residual capacity index of 0.38. Interacting with customers had the highest mean drudgery score at 0.88 with a residual capacity index of 0.12. The mean marketing task performance index showed an average drudgery score of 0.63.Maintenance of equipment had a difficulty score mean of 0.53. Loading and unloading bags of rice had a mean of 0.48. Transporting rice had a higher difficulty score mean of 0.75. Setting up stalls or displays had an even higher difficulty score mean of 0.80. Packaging and labelling had a mean difficulty score of 0.65. Interacting with customers had the lowest difficulty score mean of 0.41. The mean difficulty score was 0.60. The study recommended that the FederalGovernment agricultural departments and agencies should enhance ergonomic training for rice farmers and marketers.  
2

A Detail Review up on Enhancement of Immunotherapy towards Breast Cancer Treatment

Ayshwarya Purkait1, Durgamadhab Das2, Soumika Ghosh3, Dr. Khokon Bera4, Souvik Kundu5*, Rahul Patra6
Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Seacom Pharmacy College, Dhulagori, Howrah, Jala Dhulagiri, West Bengal, India
Page: 18-38
Paper ID: 10000320
ABSTRACT
Immunotherapy increases or alters the body's natural defences to target and eliminate dangerous cells, which aids the immune system in fighting diseases, especially cancer. Immunotherapy has completely changed the way that breast cancer is treated by providing advancement as well as adding new features in context of body’s own defence mechanism against the illness. Recent developments in this area have greatly enhanced clinical results and increased patient treatment alternatives. Checkpoint inhibitors have been a mainstay of immunotherapy for breast cancer, including inhibitors like-“PD-1”, “PD-L1” and “CTLA-4” mainly. By blocking immunological checkpoints, these substances, the immune system get permitted to detect and encounter the malignant cells. Clinical trials have shown impressive effectiveness, especially in HER-2-positive and “triple negative breast cancer”. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has indicatively shown it’s capacity to treat breast cancer that has spread. Uses of nanotechnology in clinical practice, detection, diagnosis, treatment and prevention are now feasible. NeuVax and other cancer vaccines are also being studied for their capacity to elicit specific reactions. In context of cell therapy, the “CAR T-cell therapy” has acquired a promising position. Aside from these developments, research is still being done on combinations therapies, which involve immunotherapy in addition to other treatments including chemotherapy and targeted medicines. All things considered, the field of breast cancer treatment has changed due to recent developments in immunotherapy.
3

Early Life Events and Probable Risk for Behavior Problems During Childhood

Sushma B V* and Khyrunnisa Begum**
Mysore
Page: 39-50
Paper ID: 10000321
ABSTRACT
Behavior problems in children are on rise in recent years. The study was conducted with objectives to study the influence of maternal factors, pregnancy conditions and infancy characteristics on behavior problems during childhood. By a means to identify and provide corrective support during childhood. 489 girls and 636 boys aged 9 to 15 years from three primary and secondary schools located in Mysore city were screened for behavior status. Mothers of all children were contacted to obtain information about age at pregnancy, health problems experienced during prenatal period, type of delivery, postnatal problems encountered and feeding problems during infancy of the target population. Standardized questionnaires were used to elicit a relevant data. Findings: our study has highlighted the inclination in the age inappropriate behavior problems among young children. To a great extent 39 to 34% of Girls and boys were found to be inflicted with behavior problems. Higher percentages of children mother’s with behavior problems were either younger than 18 years or older than 30 years. Age at pregnancy was found to have significant association to behavior problems (χ2 =25.9, P<0.001). Nausea, vomiting, pica and morning sickness occurred in higher number of mothers of children with behavior problems, Chi square analysis revealed a strong statistical association with behavior problems. Cesarean section was performed in higher percentage of children with behavior problems (χ2 =21.9, P<0.001).  Health problems (χ2 =28.9), UTI and skin infections (χ2 =4.08; NS), complications like gestational diabetes and hypertension (χ2= 4.3) were seen in markedly higher proportion of mothers of children with behavior problems. Chi square analysis indicated statistical association (P<0.02). Nineteen and twenty two percent of boys and girls with behavior problems respectively had low birth weight, while 10 to12 percent were macrosomic babies. (Girls: χ 2= 1.76; P=0.41; Boys: χ2=10.95; P<0.04). Feeding problems was found to occur in the study population among both normal children and those with behavior problems. Twelve to thirteen percent of normal children and twenty three to twenty five percent children with behavior problemswere found to have feeding problems (girls: χ2=14.15; boys: χ2= 10.64). Higher percentage of children with behavior problems suffered from frequent fever and jaundice as compared to the normal counterparts. Conclusion: It could be possible that a combination of maternal factors, condition at partution and fetal factors together with environmental conditions influence the behavior systems of the child.  
4

Prospects of Extension Intervention in Watermelon Production in Delta State, Nigeria

1*Raymond Chukwuka Onyemekonwu, 1Friday Akasiri Ehiwario, 2Felix Onyemekihian and 3Josiah Chidiebere Okonkwo
Nigeria
Page: 51-62
Paper ID: 10000303
ABSTRACT
The study examined the prospects of extension intervention in watermelon production in Delta State, Nigeria. Key issues examined include the farmers’ sources of information on watermelon production, the watermelon varieties currently cultivated, the farmer's reasons for involving in watermelon production, the extension needs of watermelon farmers, and the difference in the agricultural extension service needs of the farmers. Data collected from 163 respondents were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and the Friedman test hypothesis. The result revealed that the farmers’ foremost source of information on watermelon farming was fellow farmers (100%). The major reason motivating farmers to engage in watermelon production was to increase their income (61.96%) while the majority (63.8%) cultivated the Kaolack variety. The leading extension needs of the respondents were pest/ disease control methods and, support in procurement of credit (mean=3.82). Friedman test (χ2=302.7; P<0.05) showed significant differences among the extension needs of the farmers, with assistance in credit procurement being the most significant. It was concluded that there is a high prospect for agricultural extension service in the State concerning watermelon production if the farmers are provided with agricultural extension services in line with their needs. It was recommended among others, that watermelon should be made a mandate crop of the State extension service.
5

Tirzepatide: A game changer for Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Management

Mr. Jomy Jose T; Ms. Habeeb Unnisa; Mr. Kirubakaran T; Mr. Mohammad Imran
NA
Page: 63-73
Paper ID: 10000327
ABSTRACT
Problem: Managing both glycemic control and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes presents a significant challenge in clinical practice. Traditional therapies for type 2 diabetes tend to focus on controlling blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) or managing weight, but rarely address both aspects efficiently. While some medications excel at lowering glucose levels, they may not significantly impact weight loss or may even contribute to weight gain, which can complicate overall disease management. This has led to a search for newer therapeutic approaches, such as tirzepatide, which aim to tackle both hyperglycemia and weight management more effectively. Approach: This review evaluates the therapeutic potential of tirzepatide, a dual agonist for glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, focusing on its impact on glycemic control, cardiovascular outcomes, and weight management. Findings: Tirzepatide offers superior glycemic control compared to traditional therapies, significantly reduces body weight, and demonstrates a favorable cardiovascular risk profile. These benefits arise from its ability to enhance insulin secretion, suppress glucagon levels, curb appetite. Conclusion: Tirzepatide stands out as an innovative treatment for type 2 diabetes and obesity, addressing both conditions effectively while offering cardiovascular protection.
6

In-Vivo and In-Vitro Assessment of Antidiabetic Activity of Spathodea Campanulata Leaves Against Experimentally Induced Diabetes

Rudrayyaswamy M Hiremath1, Abubaker Siddiq1*, Chaitra K R1
Departmentof Pharmacology, SJM College of Pharmacy, SJM Campus, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India.
Page: 74-90
Paper ID: 10000331
ABSTRACT
Problem: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive, incompletely understood metabolic condition chiefly characterized by hyperglycaemia. The pursuit of new therapeutic agents from medicinal plants has gained prominence due to limitations of conventional treatments. The study aims to explore the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Spathodeacampanulata (EELSC) using experimentally induced diabetic models. Approach: Ethanolic extract of leaves of Spathodea campanulata (EELSC) was prepared by using soxhlet extraction process and evaluated for antidiabetic potential by using dexamethasone induced diabetes model. The dexamethasone induced diabetes model were divided into 5 groups using rats as experimental animals. The groups consist of a normal control group that receives normal saline, positive control group that receives dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, sc), a standard group that receives metformin (40 mg/kg), a low dose group that receives 200 mg/kg of EELSC, and a high dose group that receives 400 mg/kg of EESLC. Standard medications and all testing materials were administered for ten days. Body weight of the rats  and biochemical indicators such as fasting blood sugar levels (FBS), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid profile and in vivo antioxidant status using lipid peroxidation and catalase assay were evaluated. On the tenth day, the animals were sacrificed in order to assess the outcomes. This study also involved the assessment of in-vitro antidiabetic effect using α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays with acarbose serving as the standard medication. Findings: According to the current study findings, in the dexamethasone-induced diabetes model, the standard group OGTT improvements were highly significant (****P<0.001), but the high dosage group's results ranged from moderate (**P<0.01) to extremely significant (***P<0.001). At some time points, the low dose group had significant (*P<0.05) impacts. Changes in body weight and fasting blood sugar were found to follow similar trends. Lipid profiles were tested, low dose of EELSC shows less significant and high dose of EELSC exhibits more significant values. Antioxidant status of rats shows more significant values in high dose of EELSC when compared to low dose of EELSC. The in-vitro tests indicate dose dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays by EELSC, comparable to acarbose. Conclusion: The study concludes that the Ethanolic extract of leaves of Spathodea campanulata possess the antidiabetic activity  
7

Phytochemical Screening and Proximate Analysis of Dioscoreadeltoidea Wall, Ex Griseb

Farah Naaz1*, Hidayatullah Tak1, Showkat A. Ganai2, M. Shaharyar Wani3,4
NA
Page: 91-103
Paper ID: 10000334
ABSTRACT
Dioscoreadeltoidea is a medicinal plant species traditionally used in Kashmir and globally for various therapeutic purposes. This study aimed to access the phytochemical profile of D. deltoidea rhizome extracts using different solvents (hexane, ethyl-acetate, ethanol, and methanol)and evaluate the nutritional composition of the rhizomes through proximate analysis. Phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of diverse bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. Proximate analysis revealed substantial moisture content (60.2 ± 0.3%), complemented by total ash (1.9 ± 0.1%), crude fiber (9.6 ± 0.03%), crude fat (2.8 ± 0.1%), crude protein (2.3 ± 0.08%), and total carbohydrates (22.8 ± 0.2%).These findings highlight the potential of D. deltoidea as both a promising source for novel pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications and a nutraceutical resource.
8

Phytochemical Profiling and Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Whole Plant Dyschoriste Perrottetii

Kujtesa Hoti Xani1; Umit Mukatay2; Moldir Kemelbek3 ; Umar Muhammad Ghali4; Muhammed Adeiza Abdulrazaq5; Momohjimoh Ohida Abdulmalik6
NA
Page: 104-122
Paper ID: 10000336
ABSTRACT
This study examined the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial efficacy of Dyschoristeperrottetii, a plant traditionally used to treat female sterility, fever, malaria, diarrhea, chickenpox, and dysentery. The plant material was identified, dried, pulverized and extracted using cold maceration method. The phytochemical screening of the crude ethyl acetate revealed that the extract showed the presence of tannis and flavonoids only. Saponins, carbohydrates, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids were found to be absent. The result of Zone of inhibition (ZI) showed inhibition which ranges from 20 -25 mm for ethyl acetate extract against the entire test organism except, Vancomycin Resistant enterococci, Campylobacterfetus, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. Drugs used as positive control had zones of inhibition of 25- 38 mm for ciprofloxacin, and 30–32 mm for fluconazole. The results of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) revealed that all organisms had MIC of 2.5 mg/ml except Candidatropicalis with MIC of 5 mg/ml. The results of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration/Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC) revealed that all the organisms had MBC/MFC of 5 mg/ml except MRSA, C. tropicalis and C. kruseiwith MBC/MFC of 10 mg/ml respectively. The sensitivity of MRSA, S. aureus, P. mirabilis, Candidakrusei, Helicobacter pylori and Candidatropicalis to the ethyl acetate extract implies that chemical compounds in the extract could be used to develop drugs to treat related ailments.The results indicated that the extract of D. perrottetii had potential as a source of bioactive compounds for antimicrobial drug development, particularly against multi-resistant organisms.
9

Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Accessions in Nigeria Using Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase (RBCL) Gene

1Alege Gbenga Olorunshola & 2Suleiman Nasirudeen Mohammed
Nigeria
Page: 123-145
Paper ID: 10000339
ABSTRACT
In spite the medicinal, nutritional and industrial importance of sesame in Nigeria, its average annual production is still below expectation. Inadequate information on genetic diversity of the crop has been reported as the major cause of the poor production. To bridge this gap, the ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) DNA sequence was used to assess the genetic relatedness amongsesameaccessions from the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. Genomic DNA extracted from the leaves of 24 landraces and 5 improved varieties using the CTAB method was amplified and sequenced. Single Nucleotide Sequence (SNP) typing and phylogenetic analyses were performed using neighbor joining method. BLASTN nucleotide to nucleotide analysis of rbcL sequences generated for the 29 samples matched Sesamumindicum with percentage similarity ranging from 98.73% to 100%. The multiple alignments of the sequences revealed six polymorphic sites with both substitutions (transversion) and indels (insertion-deletion) observed. Codon usage bias showed that 43.75% of the codons did not show codon bias, 25% were highly preferred codons, and 18.17% exhibited low codon bias usage while 12.50% of the codons were moderately used.The 29 accessions did not cluster according to geographical origin whichsuggests exchange of seeds by farmers across the country.  
10

Invitro Biomedical Applications of Grewia Tilifolia Mediated ZnONanoparticles

C. Merlin Rose1, Dr. H. Benita Sherine1
1Department of Chemistry, Thanthai Periyar Govt Arts and Science college (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
Page: 146-165
Paper ID: 10000340
ABSTRACT
Nanomedicine discoveries have gone very impressive modifications and pushing the techniques to the new heights to get best outcome particularly in cancer treatment. Among these innovations, Nanoparticles made by green synthesis gaining more attention due to their superior properties over chemical and physical methods. This is because, green technique avoids the use of expensive chemicals, consume less energy and generate eco-friendly products. The aim of the present work is to synthesis green-based zinc oxide nanoparticles from Grewiatilifolia leaf extract (GT-ZnONPs) and to conduct invitro studies against MCF-7 cells. Characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), have been employed to elucidate the structural, morphological, and chemical properties of Grewiatilifolia-mediated ZnONPs. These analyses confirm the effective synthesis of crystalline ZnONPs with controlled size, distribution and surface functionalization. The prepared nanomaterials exhibited also significant antibacterial activity against various selected pathogens, and showed potential antioxidant activities. Moreover, GT-ZnONPs showed notable mortality on MCF-7 breast cancer cells thus revealed the potential of GT-ZnONPs in cancer therapy. This paves a way for the synthesis of GT-ZnONPs for different biological and nutraceutical applications like delay aging, prevent chronic diseases, treat cardiovascular diseases.
11

The Influence of Synthetic Insecticides and Botanicals on the Management of Shoot and Fruit Borer Leucinodes Orbonalis (Guenee) Infestationand Quality Parameters in Brinjal

V. Thakur1, D. Mal2*, S. K. Gharde3
Lovely Professional University, School of Agriculture, Punjab, India
Page: 166-180
Paper ID: 10000341
ABSTRACT
Problem -Among various insect pest L.orbonalis is popular harmful insect which causes yield loss up to 85-90%. There are many pesticides are employed to manage the infestations. Applying chemicals to brinjal crop may impact the quality characteristics of the fruits. Approach -A field trial was carried out in the Agricultural Research Field of Lovely Professional University in Phagwara, Punjab in March,  2023. Various pesticides including some botanicals used to check the quality of fruit as well as shoot and fruit infestation. Total six pesticides and two botanicals used as treatment viz T0 (water spray), T1 (chlorypyrifos 20% EC), T2 (triazophos 40% EC), T3 (karanj oil 1%), T4 (neem oil 1%), T5 (acetamiprid 20% SP), T6 (deltamethrin 2.8% EC), T7 (cartap-hydrochloride 50% SP) and T8 carbofuran 3% CG). Findings -The results indicating that synthetic insecticides T7 (cartap-hydrochloride 50% SP) showed better results than the other insecticides in reducing the mean per cent shoot infestation (3.75%), per cent fruit infestation on number basis (8.89%) and per cent fruit infestation on weight basis (8.93%). In terms of quality, study revealed that outcomes were found to be non-significant amongst the treatment. Conclusion -Based on the findings, botanicals like karanj oil and neem oil can serve as a viable substitute for synthetic insecticides in effectively managing shoot and borer infestations during integrated pest management (IPM) programs.  
12

An Insight into the Anti Cancer and Anti-Microbial Activity of Novel Plant Extracts From Ziziphus Spina Christi L. Against Breast Cancer Through in Vitro Approaches

Ekant.S.Taywade1, Anam.N.Khan2, Rahul.D.Jawarkar1, Umang Shah3, Pravin N. Khatale2
India
Page: 181-201
Paper ID: 10000342
ABSTRACT
Background: Evaluation of anti canceractivity of Z. spina Christi in breast cancer and antimicrobial activityagainst various microbial strains, including Bacillus cereus, S. aureus,  S. epidermidis, andE. coli,which may play a pivitol role in BC progression, and phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the methanol, water, and ethanol extracts of Z. spina Christi. Method: MTT assay were performed to determine the cytotoxic activity ofZ. spina Christi leaves extracts (ethanol, methanol, water, acetone, and chloroform) against MCF 7 cells. The anti-microbial activity was conducted on all the extracts by cup plate method. Furthermore, a MIC study was conducted on the most effective extracts (methanol, water, and ethanol) of Z. spina christi against various microbial strains, including Bacillus cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis, andE. coli. Result:In the MTT assay, we found that as the conc. increased from 10 μg/ml to 320 μg/ml of Z.Spinachristivarying extracts, the MCF-7 cells % cell viability were found to be decreased.The maximum ZOI was observed for methanol extract at 320 μg/ml in Bacillus cereus (19.3±0.3 mm), followed by S. aureus (16.5±0.2 mm), S. epidermidis (14.2±0.6 mm), and E. coli (12.5±0.4 mm).In phytochemical screening study, the methanol Z. spina Christi leaf extracts tested positive for alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and tannin and negative for steroids, which are mainly responsible for anti-microbial activity. Conclusion: Findings of the study suggest that the chemical compounds present in Z. spina Christi extract can emerge as a potent anti-cancer agent against BC. Furthermore, it has shown significant antimicrobial activity,suggesting its effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of microbial strains and BC progression by certain microbial strains.  
13

From Fruit to Fly: Dissecting the Life Table and Biological Traits of Bactrocera dorsalis on Varied Host

K. S. Ghodekar, Yendrembam K. Devi*, V. K.Sonawane
Department of Entomology, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Page: 202-217
Paper ID: 10000343
ABSTRACT
Problem: The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a major global pest affecting various fruit crops. Understanding the pest’s developmental biology on different host fruits is essential for effective management. This study aimed to investigate the biology of B. dorsalis on four host fruits—guava, banana, apple, and pear—under controlled laboratory conditions.Approach: Larvae collected from infested fruits were reared in cages (38 × 38 × 45 cm) under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2°C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a 14L:10D light cycle). Pupation was facilitated using a sand-sawdust mixture. Adults were fed a 10% protein hydrolysate solution, and fresh fruits were provided for oviposition. Biological parameters such as egg incubation period, larval and pupal durations, adult longevity, fecundity, pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, and generation time were recorded. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Shapiro–Wilk test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Life table parameters were calculated using TWOSEX-MS-Chart software, with bootstrap testing for accuracy.Findings: The results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) in biological parameters across the four host fruits. Guava was the most suitable host, with the shortest egg incubation period (1.69 ± 0.11 days), larval duration (7.38 ± 0.21 days), pupal period (7.34 ± 0.31 days), and generation time (44.47 ± 1.37 days), along with the highest fecundity (91.00 ± 1.23 eggs). Conversely, pear showed the longest developmental times and the lowest fecundity (64.50 ± 2.92 eggs), indicating its lower suitability as a host.Conclusion: This study highlights guava as the most favorable host for the development and reproduction of B. dorsalis, while pear is the least suitable. These insights are vital for identifying high-risk host crops and developing targeted pest management strategies to mitigate the impact of B. dorsalis.  
14

Air Borne Fungal Flora of Sivasagar District, Assam, with Special Reference to Human Health

Nibedita Baruah1, Priyakshi Buragohain2
Department of Botany. Sibsagar Girls’ College, Sivasagar, Assam, India
Page: 218-226
Paper ID: 10000344
ABSTRACT
Airborne microorganisms are those which are present in air as biological air borne contaminants. They can easily spread from one victim to another one without any physical contact. These airborne microorganism may come into the environment by different sources like by plumbing systems , heating, ventilation, air-conditioning systems, mold, dust suspension humans, pets, plants etc. ultimately causing air pollution. Airborne transmission happens when the bacteria or virus travel on respiratory droplets or dust. These airborne particles are a major cause of respiratory ailments of humans, causing allergies, asthma, and pathogenic infection of the respiratory tract. Measles', mumps, small pox, allergies etc are very much common among people due to airborne microorganism. Fungal spores are widely distributed all over the world which constitute the major component of the air borne mycoflora. Seasonal variation affects the distribution of fungi of particular area. Occurrence and types of fungal species change with season and geographical locations. A study was conducted on air mycoflora over different areas of Sivasagar district of Assam during various seasons of the year 2020. The site for the study represents a municipal & urban area. A total of 22 species of fungi were isolated and identified on the basis of colony morphology, mycelia, sporangiophore and spore structure from different groups. The mycoflora were isolated by using Culture method or Gravitational setting method on Rose Bengal Agar medium supplemented by suitable antibiotics The present study was conducted to elucidate the distribution and occurence of airborne fungi with special reference to human diseases throughout the year 2020.  
15

"To Study About the Customer Satisfaction and Positioning Implemented by Farmers, Wholesalers and Retailers of Agricultural Products in India"

Nitesh Singh; Dr Sandhya Sinha
1,2Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, India
Page: 227-239
Paper ID: 10000345
ABSTRACT
Intermediaries such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers are important pillars in supply chain management. As agricultural products are concerned, farmers, wholesalers, and retailers have a great contribution to the distribution process. So much research was done in the field of crops such as rice, wheat, barley, potato, etc. but very little work was accomplished on the circumstances of farmers, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers of agricultural products in India.In this paper, the researcher highlights customer satisfaction and positioning done by farmers,distributors, wholesalers, and retailers of agricultural products in Basti district, Uttar Pradesh India.  
16

Optimizing AI Solutions in Emergency Departments: Analyzing Technologies, Algorithms, and Patient Outcomes

1Ahmed Azharuddin* & 2Suriyakala Perumal Chandran
1,2 Faculty of Medicine, Lincoln University College, Malaysia
Page: 240-257
Paper ID: 10000347
ABSTRACT
Problem: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in emergency departments (EDs) presents both opportunities and challenges within the healthcare sector. Despite the potential benefits of AI in enhancing operational efficiency and patient outcomes, there are significant barriers to its effective implementation. These include skepticism regarding specific technologies, such as Natural Language Processing (NLP) and AI-driven robotics, as well as the overarching issues of patient communication and overcrowding in EDs. Understanding healthcare professionals' perceptions and the efficacy of current AI applications is essential for optimizing these solutions. Approach: This study employs a quantitative research methodology, utilizing a purposive sampling strategy to gather data from healthcare professionals working in EDs. A structured survey featuring Likert-scale questions was administered to assess respondents' perceptions of AI integration and its various applications. The analysis focused on identifying the strengths and limitations of existing AI algorithms, as well as the challenges faced in the ED environment. The study aims to provide insights into how systematic classification frameworks can be developed to address these challenges and enhance the effectiveness of AI solutions. Findings: The survey results indicate a strong overall support for the integration of AI in EDs, with respondents acknowledging a diverse range of AI applications. While many healthcare professionals recognize the effectiveness of current AI algorithms, they also highlight significant limitations that necessitate the exploration of novel approaches. Concerns about NLP and AI-driven robotics were prevalent, suggesting a need for greater education and training in these areas. Additionally, the findings reveal that common challenges, such as patient communication and overcrowding, could be mitigated through the implementation of tailored symptom classification systems and AI-assisted diagnostic tools. Conclusion: The study underscores the transformative potential of AI in emergency departments, particularly in improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. By addressing the identified limitations and enhancing the understanding of AI technologies among healthcare professionals, the integration of AI can be optimized. Future research should focus on developing systematic frameworks that facilitate the effective use of AI in EDs, ultimately leading to improved patient care and operational efficiency.
17

Exopolysaccharides from Cyanobacteria: Potential Source, Extraction Process and Application: A Review

Gauri1, Deepti Gupta1, Doli1,Vandita Goswami1, Shipra Bhardwaj1, Poorvi Sharma1, Disha Malik1, Kuntal Sarma2, Harshdeep Sharma1&3, and Rama Kant1*
India
Page: 258-281
Paper ID: 10000348
ABSTRACT
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms and they can be unicellular or filamentous. They are well known to secrete exopolysaccharides and other bioactive compounds. Exopolysaccharide from Cyanobacteria are not fully explored in spite their important biological and physiochemical properties. Currently the focus of interest of scientific community is shifting towards developing the specific culture and improved downstream processes and increasing the knowledge that can lead led to the extraction of high value bioactive compounds. The aim of this review is to organize the available literature and information about the various application and utility of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides.
18

Comparison of Metal Role in Fish Embryo Normal Limits vs Exceeding Limits

P.Bhagya Latha1*, S V.V.A. Lakshmi Narayini2
Andhra Pradesh
Page: 282-310
Paper ID: 10000350
ABSTRACT
Metals are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, where they play both essential and toxic roles in the development of aquatic organisms, particularly fish embryos. This review examines the normal and excessive concentrations of metals in fish embryos, exploring the physiological roles and adverse effects associated with varying levels. Metals, derived from both natural and anthropogenic sources, enter aquatic ecosystems, where they undergo processes of bioaccumulation and bio-magnification, impacting organisms at various trophic levels. This review begins by discussing the uptake mechanisms and distribution of metals in fish embryos and establishes the accepted normal concentration limits for various metals. Essential metals, such as zinc and copper, are required for embryo development; however, when present in excess, metals like mercury, lead, and cadmium cause significant toxicity through pathways such as oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis, resulting in developmental abnormalities, reduced hatching rates, and mortality in fish embryos.  The review also highlights detoxification and adaptive mechanisms in embryos, including the production of metallothioneins, as well as interspecies differences in tolerance. Methods for assessing metal toxicity in fish embryos are outlined, encompassing bioassays, imaging, and biomarker analysis. Lastly, knowledge gaps and future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the need for standardized toxicity testing and further studies on genetic and molecular responses to metal exposure. Understanding the balance between essential and toxic levels of metals in fish embryos is critical for establishing effective environmental regulations and conservation strategies.  
19

HPV Vaccination: A Review Article

Satyapriya Roy1,*, Chayanika Sharma2, Ahalya. A2, Apoorva Dev M3, Shilpi Saha4
India
Page: 311-329
Paper ID: 10000351
ABSTRACT
Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide, primarily caused by mortal papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially high-risk strains HPV 16 and HPV 18. It is generally transmitted sexually, with both vertical and perpendicular transmission modes. Beforehand discovery through webbing and forestalling via HPV vaccination significantly reduces the complaint burden. The HPV vaccine, offering long-lasting impunity, is most effective when administered at a young age before exposure to the contagion. Despite its proven efficacy, public awareness of the vaccine remains limited. Mindfulness juggernauts in seminaries,  universities, and through social media can help educate people about the significance of vaccination. General interpreters also play a pivotal part in propagating vaccine-related information. Exploration indicates that HPV vaccination has led to a decline in cervical pre-cancer cases among young women. Vaccines, which stimulate cell-mediated impunity, are preventative and can not  treat cervical cancer, emphasizing the need for early administration. Ongoing exploration aims to enhance understanding of HPV, ameliorate vaccination strategies, and increase public knowledge, which can further drop the global cancer burden. Among all cancers, cervical cancer is unique in having an effective vaccine for forestalled. This review highlights the significance of HPV vaccines, their safety, and the necessity of public mindfulness to reduce cervical cancer prevalence and associated mortality encyclopedically.  
20

Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Neem Flowers Extract and its Applications

Thiruppathy J1,Selvarani R2, Vignesh TK3
Thiagarajar college, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
Page: 330-352
Paper ID: 10000353
ABSTRACT
In this study planned to synthesize ZnONPs biologically with Neem flower extracttopredict the effect of the antibacterial and antifungal activities.Synthesised ZnONPs with neem flowers extract were characterizedby UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),  Scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) and EDAX.This study also covered photocatalytic degradation activityby (UV-vis).The crystalline structure of ZnONPs were shown by XRD studies.SEM studies gave an idea of agglomeration of particles.The maximum zone of inhibition was obtained in both antibacterial and antifunalactivities ofZnONPs with neem flowersextract.usingdisc diffusion method..  
21

Characterisation of Xanthan Gum Silver-Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesized from Xanthan Gum Produced by Xanthomonas SP Strain Sfl2 Using Sweet Potato Peel

Ajayi Oluwatosin Itunu1,2, Okedina,T.A1,Ayandiran Daniel Aina2
Nigeria
Page: 353-368
Paper ID: 10000357
ABSTRACT
Xanthan gum [(C35H49O29)n] is a microbial exopolysaccharide which consists of pentasaccharide repeat units comprising of glucose, mannose and glucuronic acid. Xanthan gum is a biopolymer and as such it can act as both reducing and capping agents in metal nanoparticle synthesis.Nanoparticles are small particles that range between 1 to 100 nanometres in size; they have distinctive properties such as high surface area to volume ratio with myriad activities applicable in a number of applied sectorshowever chemical synthesis of these nanoparticles involves the use of hazardous substances which are toxic to humans and the environment. Hence, the need to synthesis nanoparticles using eco-friendly, cost effective and biocompatiblemethod.Silvernanoparticle was synthesised from xanthan gumproduced by Xanthomonas sp strain sfl2 using sweet potato peel with 9Mm of sliver nitrate (AgNO3). The xanthan gum silver-mediated nanoparticles (XGNSp) synthesised was characterised using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-VIS), Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersion (SEM-EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD).The UV-Vis indicated XGSNp synthesis at 418.724 nm. FTIR showed peaks between 678.4 and 3280.1 cm-1 indicating aldehydes, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. SEM revealed XGSNp to be fibrous homogenous structures, EDX revealed it contained silver (Ag), carbon (C), oxygen (O),TEM showed XGSNp as spherical shape with size range from 10.40 to 15.89 nm and X-ray diffraction presented XGSNp to be crystalline in nature.The study concluded that xanthan gum silver-mediated nanoparticles can be synthesised using green synthesis and these synthesised nanoparticles have characteristics significant for various food and industrial applications.
22

Antibacterial Potential of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Leaf Extract of Terminalia Muelleri Benth

Ashu Tyagi1, Archasvi Tyagi2, Kuntal Sarma3, Pradip Kumar4, Meenu Tewatia5, Doli6, Gauri6, Deepti Gupta6, Rama Kant6*
India
Page: 369-382
Paper ID: 10000349
ABSTRACT
The present communication deals with phyto-chemical analysis and development of nano-materials from the leaf extract of Terminalia muelleri along with characterization and antibacterial activity of the developed nanomaterials. The leaves of T. muelleri are rich in flavonoids, steroids, phenolics, tannins and terpenoids. The maximum UV-VIS absorption spectra at 260nm showed green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs). The flavonoids, tannins, and other phenolic compounds present in the T. muelleri leaf extract reduced copper ions into CuONPs. The possible functional groups present in the plant extract were confirmed by the spectral analysis of FT-IR studies. Similarly, the formation of crystalline structure of the powdered CuONPs was confirmed by XRD. The SEM-EDAX results showed the particles were spherical shaped and mono-dispersed and the synthesized NPs are pure elemental in nature. The 1000ppm of synthesized CuONPs showed significant antibacterial activity against both B. cereus and E. coli. Hence the synthesized CuONPs have potential antibacterial activity and could be further used for the development of nano-drugs against B. cereus and E. coli.
23

" Estimation of Body Height from Total Facial Height in Living Subjects in Gujarat Region "

Dr. Sapana B. Shah1, Dr. Binita Purohit2, Dr. Vipra Shah3
Gujarat, India
Page: 383-395
Paper ID: 10000363
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Estimation of stature is necessary in forensic anthropology and archaeology. The prime aim of this study is to find the correlation of body height with total facial height in Gujarati population and also to derive regression equation for accurate measurement of body height from total facial height. Material and methods: This study was conducted on 510 individuals (243 males and 267 females) aged between 18 to 30 years in Gujarat region. Total facial height and body height of the subject were measured by sliding caliper and standard height measuring instrument respectively. The data was analysed statistically for significance, correlation and regression analysis to derive regression equations for body height from total facial height. Result: We calculated Mean and Standard deviation of total facial height and body height. We found Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) = 0.46 for all subjects; r = 0.06 for males and r = 0.30 for females. We also found regression equations in order to estimate body height from total facial height. Conclusion: It was determined that total facial height has strongly positive correlation with body height. The regression equations derived from the data can accurately estimate the body height from total facial height in Gujarati population when facial remains are brought for anthropometric examination.  
24

A Complete Review Upon Modern Highlights on HIV DNA Integration

Debjit Adak1, Aparup Das2, Goureesh Ghosh3, Dr.Khokan Bera4, Souvik Kundu5*, Rahul Patra6
Department of Pharmacy, Seacom Pharmacy College, Jaladhulagori, Sankrail, Howrah, WB, India
Page: 396-413
Paper ID: 10000364
ABSTRACT
Living cells are complex organisms sharing simple tasks across a variety of levels to get their desired nutrition. HIV - 1 is no exception to this, it too requires to perform a number of events to aid the propagation. Unlike conventional methods of proliferation, HIV - 1 had involved tricky ways for their survival. Following this paradigm, beginning with anchoring, uncoating, reverse transcription, integration, synthesis of genetic compounds release. Having done that the HIV - 1 retroviruses cause a spike in the infectious state and show a surge in the clinical outcomes. Therefore, integration has been found to build the turf of HIV - 1 inside the host cell network. Two steps - (a) 3’ end processing & (b) DNA strand transfer are gone through for the feasible accomplishment of integration. In this several host cells, structural, chromatin cell proteins take part. Overall, these factors, only harmful proteins like Integrase (IN), RNase H have their eminent participation. Other functionally efficient proteins (LEDGF/p75, EED, Ini - 1) pledge their effort in the integration. Being a seemingly crucial phase in the HIV - 1 life cycle integrase has been our area of integrase in this whole review. The entire information is provided against legitimate literature. To tell briefly, HIV - 1 progresses to form its reserve transcribed DNA with the host DNA following the integration mechanism.  
25

A Comparative Study of Cost, Efficiency, and Profitability in Organic and Chemical Basmati Farming in Punjab

Dr. Anooj Bhadu, Dr. Vishal, Sheetal Kundu
India
Page: 414-427
Paper ID: 10000365
ABSTRACT
This study compares the economic viability, technical efficiency, and profitability of organic versus chemical Basmati farming in Punjab, India, based on data collected from 88 organic and 88 chemical farms. The cost analysis reveals that organic farming incurs lower input costs, particularly for synthetic chemicals and other inputs, while labour costs in organic farming are higher due to the more labour-intensive nature of the practices, such as manual weeding and organic input management. Organic Basmati farming had an operational cost of Rs. 32,125 and fixed costs of Rs. 54,890 per hectare, while chemical farming’s operational cost was Rs. 45,149 and fixed costs Rs. 57,434. Despite lower yields in organic farming, organic Basmati fetched a higher price, with organic farmers earning Rs. 3,307 per quintal compared to Rs. 2,746 for chemical farmers. Efficiency was assessed using technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency. The mean technical efficiency score for organic Basmati farming was 0.7811, while chemical farming had a mean score of 0.9127. Mann-Whitney U tests were applied to compare Benefit-Cost (B:C) ratios for both farming methods. Significant differences were found in all cost categories, with organic farming yielding higher B:C ratios across A2+FL (U=1813, p=0.00) and C2 (U=2932, p=0.005), indicating that organic farming is more profitable. Specifically, the A2+FL ratio for organic farming was 0.43, compared to 0.33 for chemical farming, and the C2 ratio was 0.37 for organic versus 0.29 for chemical. In conclusion, while organic Basmati farming faces challenges related to lower yield, it proves to be more cost-efficient and profitable than chemical farming. The study suggests that improving technical efficiency and expanding organic farming could enhance its economic potential, and that policy support for organic agriculture should focus on research, development, and better market access.  
26

Menstrual Hygiene Matters: A Community Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Menstrual Hygiene in Adolescent Girls in Bengaluru

Ramesh Aravind S, Pavithra R, Dr Shreya P Gudur
NA
Page: 428-440
Paper ID: 10000366
ABSTRACT
Menstrual hygiene and its management is an issue that is insufficiently acknowledged and has not received adequate attention. The lack of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls is alarming, and there is an immediate need for policymaking and awareness programs to be initiated. The objective of this study is; (1) to create awareness on practice of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls; (2) to assess knowledge and attitude towards the practice of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. This was an interventional study in which 858 subjects were enrolled based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria from selected schools and colleges in Bengaluru. The subjects experienced puberty predominantly at 13 (28.7%) or 12 (27.9%) years, relying on maternal figures for menstruation knowledge (34.4% from mothers). Sanitary pads were favored by 74%, and a 5-day menstrual cycle was common (61.3%). Post-test results showed a shift from menstrual misconceptions to a physiological understanding (98.4%). The study reveals initial lack of knowledge and misconceptions about menstruation in students, but a significant improvement post-health education. Reproductive health education should be made mandatory in the academics of adolescent girls, addressing knowledge gaps and societal taboos to achieve positive health outcomes and societal change.  
27

Emerging Trends in Cancer Immunotherapy: Advancements and Future Directions

Lokesh K , Mohammed Nehel PM, Mohammed Faseeh M, Avishek Kumar Pal
Department of Pharmacy Practice, East West College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
Page: 441-464
Paper ID: 10000368
ABSTRACT
Cancer immunotherapy has developed as a transformative approach in oncology, leveraging the immune system’s intrinsic ability to detect and destroy malignant cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, like anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, have reshaped the therapeutic landscape, providing durable responses in cancers previously deemed refractory to treatment. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies, though challenges like antigen escape and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment limit its success in solid tumors. Neoantigen-based personalized vaccines and oncolytic viruses are advancing the field, offering tailored solutions to stimulate robust immune responses. Combination therapies integrating immunotherapy along with traditional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, have shown synergistic effects, addressing tumor heterogeneity and resistance. Despite these advancements, challenges including immune-related adverse events, resistance mechanisms, and the high cost of therapies persist. Emerging trends, such as the application of artificial intelligence for biomarker discovery and the development of bi-specific T cell engagers, promise to refine patient selection and therapeutic precision. This review explores the latest innovations in cancer immunotherapy, discusses unresolved challenges, and highlights future directions to enhance its efficacy and accessibility for diverse cancer types.
28

'' Differential Responses of Oral Mucosa to Injury "

Sujatha S Reddya, Rakesh Nagarajua,Ravleen Nagib, Haripriya Prathapa, Monika SJ Singha, Jagruthi Gopala
Dept of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied sciences, New BEL Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Page: 465-478
Paper ID: 10000369
ABSTRACT
Responses to cell injury are characterized as cellular adaptations, and they can be either degenerative, regenerative, or restorative in nature. These responses vary depending on the cell types and level of damage caused. Aside from growth disruptions, cell injury can cause a variety of vascular, inflammatory, and immune-mediated reactions. These responses can happen simultaneously or quickly after one another, and they can affect not just the wounded cell but also the organ or organism level. Oral tissue is known to respond differently to chronic irritation\injury by developing either simple keratosis/ traumatic ulcers/ innocuous tumor-like proliferations or life-threatening ulceroproliferative malignancies. This article discusses the differential oral tissue reactions owing to chronic\ recurrent tissue injury leading to extreme or exuberant tissue response.
29

Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Submergence Tolerance of Some Lowland Rice (Oryzasativa L.) Mutant Lines

Haruna, H.B.1*, Falusi,O. A.1,Daudu,O. A. Y.1, Gado, A. A.1
1Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Page: 479-493
Paper ID: 10000371
ABSTRACT
Submergence tolerance is an important breeding objective intended to reduce to the barest minimum yield losses in rice especially in rain-fed lowland areas. Faro 44 and Faro 52 rice varieties are known to have novel characteristics but are susceptible to submergence due to flooding. Thus there is the need to provide farmers with a cost-effective option in flood prone areas. In this study, twenty-three mutant lines were subjected to submergence tolerance for 14 and 21 days. All the mutants were tolerant to submergence except FARO60-check (submergence susceptible check variety) which was susceptible to submergence effects. FARO52-50G1, FARO52-150G1, FARO44-150G2, FARO44-200G4 and FARO44-150G1 all showed a high tolerance to submergence for 21 days. Thus gamma irradiation was successful in inducing genetic variability in the FARO 44 and FARO 52 rice variety as well as improving their submergence tolerance ability.  
30

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Chenopodium Ambrosioides Leaf Essential Oil

Odoje O F1, Oladoye S. O2, Falade A.V2 Ogunmola, O.O1, Sodamade, A1 Owonikoko,A.D.1 Ayankoso A. Si, Larayetan, R3, Bolaji, K.A1 & Azeez,A. A4
Nigeria
Page: 494-510
Paper ID: 10000370
ABSTRACT
Chenopodium ambrosioides is a herbal plant belonging to the family of Amaranthaceae Traditionally, the leaves of Chenopodium ambroisiodes have been used in the treatment of A a variety of illnesses, such as malaria, nausea, back pain, toothaches, skin infections etc Fresh leaves of Chemopodium ambrosioides (300 g) were successively packed into the hydrodistillation apparatus (Clevenger) for 3 h using the Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil characterization from the plant above was achieved through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatile oil obtained were screened for their antibacterial activity using the resazurin-based 96-well plate micro-dilution method. The essential oil’s antioxidant potential was evaluated through 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The GC-MS analysis of the volatile oil revealed thirteen components summing up to 99.96%. The chief constituent in the volatile oil of Chenopodium ambrosiodioces is m-cymene (56.20%). The phyto-architectural composition of this plant is mainly made up of monoterpene hydrocarbons (93.61%); the 6.39% remaining 6components are distributed along oxygenated sesquiterpene, saturated fatty acid, and diterpene alcohol. Antimicrobial studies revealed that the volatile oil of Chemopodium ambrosioides was able to limit the development of Serratia marscescens, Klebsiella penumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which the usual antibiotic streptomycin was unable to do. The visible growth, after the incubation period, observed when aliquos from all MIC wells were streaked on sterile nutrient agar plate devoid of antimicrobial agents showed that the essential oil do not exhibit bactericidal effect at the highest concentration of 50% v/v tested but their ability to exhibit bacteriostatic activity against the test bacteria is worth documenting.  C.ambroisiodes has the ability of reducing the DPPH radicals by 50% with an IC50 0.070±0.04, while the standard employed for the plant sample, vitamin C, had an IC50 of 0.026 mg/mL. For the ABTS assay, the volatile oils obtained from the C.ambrosioides revealed free radical scavenging potentials; the plants exhibited a 50% reduction of 2.07±0.07. Since the studied plant possess volatile oil that contain bioactive compounds, it is a good source  of antioxidant and antibacterial agents.  
31

An Extensive Review on Applications of Nano Fluids in Various Solar Collectors and Heat Exchangers

M. Sudhakara Reddy
Department of Mathematics, SVR Engineering College, Nandyal (Dist.), AP, India
Page: 511-554
Paper ID: 10000374
ABSTRACT
Nano fluids refer to the distribution of nano particles within a fluid medium. It was first introduced in the late 20th century. This is evidenced by the increasing number of papers published annually that pertain to nano fluids. The increased interest in nano fluids stems primarily from their improved ability and thermo-physical properties to be incorporated into the number of thermal applications, including improving the potency of industrial solar energy and heat exchangers harvesting for renewable energy production. As research on nano fluids continues to expand, there is a need for a complete evaluation of the development and steps made in their application in heat transfer devices. This paper reviews advances in nano fluids production and applications of heat transfer devices heat exchangers and solar collectors. This study attempts to keep readers up to date on recent developments, stressing the prospects and problems for nano fluids as the fluids of the future for heat transfer. Eventually, a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of nano fluids is provided, along with suggestions for additional study to hasten the commercialization of nano fluids.  
32

Unused and Expired Tablets as Emerging Contaminants and its Impact on Soil Quality: A Case Study of Paracetamol Tablet

Vasudha Ranjan*, Divya.J1, Balamuralidhara.V2, A.R. Akhila3, Basavarajappa S.H.4
NA
Page: 555-571
Paper ID: 10000381
ABSTRACT
Problem: Acetaminophen, another name for paracetamol, is one of the over-the-counter medicines that is the most frequently used across the world. The frequent and unnecessary use of over-the-counter drugs contributes to the increased environmental pollution. The improper disposal of unused or expired tablets might  reach to the landfills along with the household wastes. Approach: During the present research, a pilot study has been conducted in order to know the impacts of expired and non-expired paracip tablets on the soil quality. In order to analyse the quality and stability of the expired and non-expired tablets, the organoleptic and physical tests of both the paracip tablets were examined. For the experiment, the powdered expired and non-expired paracip tablets were added at the concentrations of 1g, 5g, and 10g to the landfill soil and kept for observations for 30 days. From all treatments, the soil samples were collected and subjected to extraction and used for the analysis of various physico-chemical parameters.  Findings: From the results of the physical tests of both the paracip tablets, the rate of dissolution of expired paracip tablet was 0.26%  at 120 minutes and the rate of dissolution of non-expired paracip tablet was 99.78% at 30minutes. From the experimental results, it was observed that, most of the parameter’s values were found to be higher in comparison with the soil quality standards. Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that, the proper management of unused and expired tablets has to be taken care while disposing along with the household wastes in order to protect the overall environment. 
33

Unraveling Phytochemical Diversity and Medicinal Potential of Sida rhombifolia Complex: A Chemotaxonomic Investigation from Northern India

Pooja Jain1*, Sushil Kumar1, Vivek Kumar1, Aman Agrawal1, Deepti Teotia1, Ashish Kumar1 & Vijai Malik1**
Department of Botany, Chaudhary Charan Singh University Meerut, India
Page: 572-603
Paper ID: 10000377
ABSTRACT
The present study focuses on the collection and identification of Sida rhombifolia complex for its phytochemical diversity and chemotaxonomical investigations collected from two distinct regions in northern India, namely Uttar Pradesh (Saharanpur) and Uttrakhand (Dehradun). The objective of this research is to explore the medicinally potent phytochemicals inbuilt within this complex, using a chemotaxonomic approach. Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of leaf samples from each region were subjected to GC/MS analysis to distinguish the presence of ecologically significant metabolites. A comprehensive analysis exposed the identification of 96 distinct phytochemicals. This complex is characterized by Squalene, phytol, vitamine E, and methyl sterate. 4-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester; 8,11,14-Docosatrienoic acid, methyl ester; 7-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, fatty acids are new to S. rhombifolia complex. These newly identified chemical constituents can further be characterized by investigation through techniques such as NMR, QSAR, and in silico molecular docking to illuminate their potential medicinal properties. Subsequent exploration may facilitate the development of novel drug formulations for Ayurvedic medication. Furthermore, statistical analyses, including two-way random ANOVA, coupled with Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), validate the substantial phytochemical diversity exhibited by S. rhombifolia var. scabrida compared to other profiles. This study emphasizes the unrevealed nature of S. rhombifolia var. scabrida, emphasizing the scarceness of finding elucidating its pharmacological properties. Additionally, comprehensive literature surveys, morphological identifications, and illustrative representations are provided to ensure the precision of morphological and chemotaxonomic categorization.  
34

Negative Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Haematological Parameters in Healthy Libyans

Hafsa A Alemam1, Abdounasser Albasher Omar2, Abdulhamed Mohamad Omar Etriieki3,4*, Samia Emhemmed Abadi5, Hayat M Binrhoumah6,Shaima Kh Alansari7 ,Ammar K. Aslougi6, Farag I. Eltaib6
NA
Page: 604-616
Paper ID: 10000379
ABSTRACT
Smoking causes about 6 million deaths annually, increases the risk for many diseases and alters hematological parameters. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the negative impact of cigarette smoking on the hematological parameters of healthy smokers in Libya.145 smokers and 145 non-smokers, with age range39-45 years, were recruited. Blood samples were collected from each participant and were analysed for complete blood count. The obtained results were statically analysed; descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The mean for all study variables for smokers (except for MCHC) was greater than that for non-smokers. The coefficient of variation (CV%) showed that the smokers group was more homogeneous for most variables than the non-smokers group, except for BMI and LYMP.The results of ANOVA test showed that only in the case of MCHC the non-smokers had a significantly higher mean (p < 0.05). For other variables, the smokers had significantly higher means (p < 0.05), except for the RBC, where the mean was non-significantly higher compared to the non-smokers.There was no statistically significant effect for the age variable or for the interaction between smoking and age on all variables. In conclusion, the study revealed that cigarette smoking has a significant impact on most haematological parameters;the study confirms that smoking has severe adverse effects on most haematological parameters.  
35

Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Studies of Different Extracts of Cola Nitida and Cola Acuminata Sourced from Different States in Southern Nigeria

1C. H. Ozoffor; 2N. F. Onyemelukwe; 3E. Ogbuagu
Nigeria
Page: 617-627
Paper ID: 10000335
ABSTRACT
Many Nigerians consume kola nuts regular, even daily, for cultural, medicinal and as a stimulant against sleep, among many other reasons. Some people consume kola nuts to treat fungal, bacterial, viral and parasitic infections such as typhoid, cough, pneumonia, skin and tooth infections. This study investigates the phytochemical composition of extracts of kola nuts from different parts of Southern Nigeria, assessed the antimicrobial activities of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida extracts and compared the antibacterial activities of kola nut extracts and synthetic antibiotics. The seeds of the kola nut were obtained from farmers in Udi, Ikom and Ado-Ekiti in Nigeria. Kola nuts were identified in the herbarium department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria Nsukka. Kola nuts were shield dried, and manually cut to smaller sizes, grinded and prepared for analysis. Three bacterial isolates such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were used for the study. The phytochemical compositions of kola nuts were determined. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies showed that terpenoid was the highest, followed by caffeine. Antibacterial studies showed that Ciprofloxacin and Pefloxacin have strong antibacterial activity across all tested bacteria. (p<0.05). This study demonstrated that the methanolic and acetonic extract of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida showed significant antibacterial activity against most of the selected bacterial isolates. However, the effect is not comparable with standard antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, and augmentin). 
36

Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Extract Murrayakoneigii

E.A.V.V Rambabu Matta1, A.S.S.D.V Prasad Raju.V2, Ramesh Jonnada3 & Devatha N V K S S L D Purnamma4
Department of life science, BV Raju College, ,Vishnupur, Bhimavaram,West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Page: 628-636
Paper ID: 10000378
ABSTRACT
Murrayakoenigii also known as a curry-leaf tree is usedas a medicinal plant in India. In the present study, different were extracted and tested against Staphylococcus aureus by agar well diffusion method. Alkaloid, carbohydrate, and tannins were present in all extracted samples, however cardiac glycosides and phlorotannins were extracted only in methanolic and ethanolic extracts of plant leaves sample.In all solvent extractsfrom leaves of M. koenigii and minimum activity was recorded at 25 ppm of plant extract concentration. Maximum antibiotic activity was recorded with aqueous extract of leaves against S. aureus. In the case of P. aeruginosa, all extracts were failed to show antibacterial activity.
37

Impact of Queen Cup Materials and Substrateson Queen Rearing Performance

Mohammed Ahmed Alshogari1,2, A. M. Raut1
NA
Page: 637-644
Paper ID: 10000385
ABSTRACT
Problem -Queen bee rearing is animportant process for beekeepers to facilitate the rapid multiplication of colonies. It enables the expansion of bee populations and the replacement of aging queens prior to the honey flow season, thereby enhancing overall honey production.Approach - This study aimed to evaluate the queen cup materials and substrateson thegrafted larvae in autumn season. The substrates like apple juice, commercial royal jelly enriched with honey, sugar syrup, honey solution, and a mixture solution of each sole media were used in each queen cup materials. The cup materials included bee wax cups, paraffin wax cups and plastic cups. The young larvae (<24 h old) were selected from the mother colony and grafted into queen cups using a plastic grafting tool. Findings - The highest larval acceptance (43.33%) and queen emergence rates (26.67%) were recorded in control (dry grafting). There were no significant differences between the bee wax and plastic cup materials in the acceptance rate and queen emergence rate. As a substrate, commercial royal jelly enriched with honey @5µl in beewax cups had highest acceptance rate by worker (30%) and queen emergence rate (30%) while mixture substrate@5µl in plastic cups performed better than other substratesduring Autumn season. Conclusion – Both beewax and plastic cups along with substratesperformed better in the rearing of queen during the Autum season.  
38

A Comprehensive Study on Heavy Metal Phytotoxicity and Bioremediation Strategies for Ecological Sustainability

Nupur & Ashok Kumar
Department of Botany, CCS University, Meerut, India
Page: 645-667
Paper ID: 10000386
ABSTRACT
Heavy metals are environmental contaminants that threaten our ecosystems and pose health concerns to living beings through their continuous persistence and magnification in the environment as a result of natural as well as anthropogenic sources. The bulk of these contaminants are exceedingly potent for all life forms, due to which their thorough elimination from the environment is necessary, but existing treatment methods are unable to offer a practical and sustainable approach. Researchers now consider using microbes and plants forheavy metal mitigation as one of the most viable approaches. This review is focused on the general account of heavy metals and their toxicity symptoms in plants. It also states the different bioremediation approaches of plants and microbial cells for a sustainable ecosystem.  
39

Enhanced Anticancer Effects of Combined Therapy with Quercetin and Rita (P53 Activator) in Hct116 Colorectal Cancer Cells

Yasodha Lakshmi Tadakaluruab; Chandra Sekhar Pasulac; Rama Murthy Subramanid; Shama Prasada Kabekkodud
India
Page: 668-686
Paper ID: 10000387
ABSTRACT
Background: Since there is increasing concern about finding improved treatments for the secondleading cancer, colorectal cancer, worldwide, there is a need for improved treatment strategies such as combination therapies, which are expected to be safe and effective. Objective: We investigated the anticancer activity of the combination of the natural product quercetin, a plant flavonoid, and the p53-activating agent RITA (reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis) in HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells. Results: The combination index results of the MTT assay revealed that 50+10 μM (quercetin (Que) and RITA) had synergistic effects on the tested HCT116 cells. Similar results were observed in the colony formation, cell migration, apoptosis assays and pathway enrichment analysis. Conclusion: The present study's findings demonstrate the synergistic anticancer activity of the combination of Que-RITA (50 μM Que and 10 μM RITA) in HCT116 cancer cells.  
40

Physicochemical Analysis of Paddy Field Soil of Warora Tehsil, District Chandrapur (M.S.), India

Sonali P.Ghonmode1 & Dr. N. S.Wadhave2
Nilkanthrao Shinde Science and Arts College, Bhadrawati, District- Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India
Page: 687-699
Paper ID: 10000388
ABSTRACT
In this paper we discuss about the analysis of various Physico-chemical parameters of Paddy field Soil collected fromsix different selected sites such as Salori area, Mesa area, Shegaon (BK) area, Chargaon (KH) area, Jamani (BK) area, Sumthana area of Warora Tehsil, District Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India were studied during the month of May 2023 to November 2023. Soil Samples were collected from these different six sites to study the physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) were studied into the laboratory by using Standard Protocol. The minimum EC was found in Mesa and Maximum in Sumthana. The maximum nitrogen found in Shegaon and minimum in Chargaon. The low phosphorus found in Salori and high in Sumthana. The maximum value of Potassium found in Sumthana as compared to others.  
41

Dissection or Prosection: Analysing the Best Practical Method to Teach Gross Anatomy of Limbs

Dr. Nirmal Kumar K 1*, Dr Kalyana Panchakshari P2
India
Page: 700-707
Paper ID: 10000390
ABSTRACT
Background: As the National Medical Commission of India, introduced competency-based medical education, dissection lab hours for medical studentshave been consistently reduced.This has prompted the students to explore alternative methods for learning gross anatomy beyond dissection. This survey aims to analysethe performance of medical students based on their preferred anatomy learning styles within the context of reduced dissection lab hours. Material and methods: An observational study was conducted with 150 first-year MBBS students. Once the upper and lower limbs were completed, an examinationwas conducted on both theoretical and practical aspects.The exam marks of each student were recorded.Students getting 50% marks in theory and practical exams were consideredpass. Students were questioned about their learning methods, which they followed in the dissection labafter exams, and answers were noted and analysed statistically. Result: Out of 150 MBBS 1styear students, 100 students (66.6%) chose dissection, 30 (20%) chose prosection,and the remaining 20 (13.4%) students chose both dissection and prosection methods. The number of students whoadopted dissection as their learning method got test marks ≥ 50% is85%, whereasthe test score of students who chose both dissection and prosection is 75% and the only prosection is 33.33 %. Conclusion: The dissection methodis the best method for learning the gross anatomy of limbs. It provokes the students to be involved in group activities and gain knowledge in anatomy. Finally, students achieve good results in examinations.  
42

Physico-Chemical Properties, Diversity and Adaptive Structural Modification of Hill Stream Fishes of the Dikhu River, Mokokchung, Nagaland, India

Rajesh Singh Pukhrambam1,*, Bendang AO1
1Department of Zoology, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, India
Page: 708-735
Paper ID: 10000392
ABSTRACT
Problem: Threats to species, biodiversity and ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities are increasing day by day. Preparation of a checklist of the existing organisms is the need of the hour. Therefore, the present study was carried out todocument the diversity of ichthyofaunal species and their adaptive structural modification with the spatial and temporal fluctuations in the riverine ecosystem.Three sites (designated as I, II, and III) were selected for the study. Approach: Water and fish samples were collected monthly for two years, from February 2021 to January 2023. The habscore of the river, along with key physicochemical parameters (such as Air temperature, water temperature, Dissolved oxygen, Total alkalinity, pH, TDS, EC and FCO2), organic matter composition (OMC), substrate composition, and fish species diversity, were also assessed. Diversity indices such as Shannon- Wiener diversity index (H),Simpson’s diversity index (1-D) and EHwere calculated. The Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA) and Bray-Curtiss dissimilarity matrix (SIMPER) were performed. Findings: Altogether, 43 species of fish belonging to 5 orders, 11 families, and 26 genera were recorded. The highest habscore of 8.04 was recorded in the upstream region (Site I), while OMC was the highest in the mid-stream (Site II) with 7.9. Fish diversity was evaluated through indices like the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (highest in site III with 3.25) and Simpson’s diversity index showed its highest value in site I (0.949), while the evenness index was the greatest in site II and site III (0.86).The Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that water parameters like TDS, pH, EC and DO indicate a close relationship and are positively correlated with Amblyceps, Bangana, Badis, Channa, Danio, Devario, Glyptothorax, Pethia and Puntius, while showing negative correlation with AT, WT, FCO2 and TA.  The Bray-Curtiss dissimilarity matrix (SIMPER) showed the similarity of fish species between seasons is 37% (pre-monsoon and monsoon), 79% (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) and 29% (Monsoon and Post-monsoon). Among the sites, the average similarity between Site I and Site II is 70% between Site I and Site III is 63% and between Site II and Site III is 62%.The genera such as Garra, Glyptothoraxand Paracanthocobitis showed thoracic modifications and bore suctorial discs for adhesion. Conclusion: The total number of fish documented in this study has indicated that this river provides a suitable habitat and rich biodiversity.  
Announcement

  Papers are invite for publication in Bioscene Volume 21 Number 04 December 2024

  Publish paper in Scopus indexed journal within 15 days, submit paper now.

Copyright 2004 (c) All Rights Reserved Bioscene.